Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a complex network of chemical signals and messages that control many immediate and life-long bodily responses and functions. Growing taller, developing male or female characteristics and reacting to fear are all partially directed by endocrine hormones. All animals with backbones - from fish to mammals - have an endocrine system that works hand-in-hand with the nervous system to:
maintain the body's internal steady state (nutrition, metabolism, excretion, water and salt balance);
react to stimuli from outside the body;
regulate growth, development and reproduction; and
produce, use and store energy.
The endocrine system's three parts - glands, hormones and target cells - relay information and instructions throughout the body. Sometimes the whole process works within seconds, say, in response to fear. Other times it reacts more slowly, telling body parts when and how much to grow and developing characteristics that distinguish male from female.
The endocrine system is made up of specialized cells, glands and hormones. Acting like a communication network, it responds to stimuli by releasing hormones, the chemical messengers that carry instructions to target cells throughout the body, from endocrine glands. The target cells read and follow the hormones' instructions, sometimes building a protein or releasing another hormone. These actions lead to many bodily responses such as a faster heart beat or bone growth.
All vertebrate animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans) have the same endocrine glands and release similar hormones to control development, growth, reproduction and other responses. Here are some of the main glands.
maintain the body's internal steady state (nutrition, metabolism, excretion, water and salt balance);
react to stimuli from outside the body;
regulate growth, development and reproduction; and
produce, use and store energy.
The endocrine system's three parts - glands, hormones and target cells - relay information and instructions throughout the body. Sometimes the whole process works within seconds, say, in response to fear. Other times it reacts more slowly, telling body parts when and how much to grow and developing characteristics that distinguish male from female.
The endocrine system is made up of specialized cells, glands and hormones. Acting like a communication network, it responds to stimuli by releasing hormones, the chemical messengers that carry instructions to target cells throughout the body, from endocrine glands. The target cells read and follow the hormones' instructions, sometimes building a protein or releasing another hormone. These actions lead to many bodily responses such as a faster heart beat or bone growth.
All vertebrate animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans) have the same endocrine glands and release similar hormones to control development, growth, reproduction and other responses. Here are some of the main glands.
- Hypothalamus
- Pineal gland
- Anterior pituitary gland
- Posterior pituitary gland
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid gland
- Thymus
- Adrenal glands (medulla and cortex)
- Pancreas
- Ovary (follicle and corpus luteum)
- Testis
Immune System
Your immune system works because your body is able to recognize "self" and "non-self." This means that your body is able to tell if an invader (virus, bacteria, parasite, or other another person's tissues) has entered it—even if you aren't consciously aware that anything has happened. Your body recognizes this invader and uses a number of different tactics to destroy it.
How does your immune system work?
Lymph nodes (also called "lymph glands"): These small, bean-shaped structures are part of your lymphatic system. That system is made up of tissues and organs (bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes) that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease, along with the clear fluid, lymph, that carries those cells to different parts of the body. Lymph nodes filter the lymphatic fluid and store special cells that can trap cancer cells or bacteria that are traveling through your body in the lymph fluid. Lymph nodes are critical for your body's immune response and many of your immune reactions begin there. When you have an infection, your lymph nodes can get larger and feel tender or sore.
Thymus: A small organ located just behind your breastbone. This is where your T-cells mature (That's why they are called T-cells. The "T" is for "thymus.")
Spleen: The largest lymphatic organ in the body—it's about the size of your fist. Your spleen is located in the upper-left part of your abdomen. It contains white blood cells that fight infection or disease. Your spleen also helps control the amount of blood in your body and destroys old and damaged blood cells.
Bone Marrow: The yellow tissue in the center of your bones that is responsible for making white blood cells that are destined to become lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes: A small white blood cell that plays a large role in defending the body against disease. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells. B-cells make antibodies that attack bacteria and toxins. T-cells help destroy infected or cancerous cells attack body cells themselves when they have been taken over by viruses or have become cancerous.
The Immune System in Action
Your immune system has many different ways of fighting off foreign invaders. When confronted with a virus, your body responds by activating specific processes of the immune system. First your body recognizes a foreign antigenand delivers it to the lymph system, where it is ingested by a macrophage.
Then the macrophage processes the virus and displays the antigens for that particular virus on its own exterior. This antigen then signals a helper T- cell.
Next the T-cell reads this signal and sounds the alarm for other parts of your immune system to respond.
The B-cell responds to this call and comes to read the antigen from the surface of the macrophage.
The B cell then becomes activated and produces millions of antibodies that are specific to the antigen. These antibodies are released into your body to attach to the virus particles.
These antibodies are important because the invading virus may outnumber your own immune system cells. The antibodies attach to the antigens and hold on tight.
These antibodies then send a signal to other macrophages and other immune cells to come and engulf and destroy the antibody and whatever it has captured.
The final stage of your immune response involves the suppressor T-cell. Once the number of invaders has dropped significantly and the infection has resolved, the suppressor T-cell will signal the other cells of the immune system to rest. This is important as prolonged activation of your immune response could eventually lead to damage to your healthy cells.
Reference: http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/immune-system-101/
Detoxification System
Detoxification is carried out in the liver and the toxins are subsequently discarded from our body through the kidneys. Both organs complement each other to prevent toxic being built up in our body. When the detoxification system is functioning well, our bodily functions will be in harmony – our emotions are stable, our body weight stabilised, our skin supple, smooth and radiant, and we are able to focus on our daily tasks and work.
Reference: www.zell-v.com
Information provided on this blog is for informational purposes only; it is not intended as a substitute for advice from your own medical team or any form of advertisment. The information on this blog is not to be used for diagnosing or treating any health concerns you may have - please contact your physician or health care professional for all your medical needs.
No comments:
Post a Comment